The Witches Of Salem Witch Trials - 1371 Words

Joey Kimbro October 11, 2017 Honors English 3 Mrs. Tammen Salem Witchcraft Trial Theories In the 1690s â€Å"The â€Å"afflicted† girls [whom] made the accusations were some of the most powerless members of their society† (â€Å"Part II: The Witches of Salem†). Salem Witch Trials quickly became famous and researchers began exploring the multiple possibilities behind the trials. Although many theories were considered, none could explain why so many were accused and hanged. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. Farming conditions in the western part of Salem Village, Putnam farmland, were warm, damp, and swampy, the perfect environment for fungus to grow. The poison from ergot would grow in rye and cereal grains.†¦show more content†¦Evidence points out, â€Å"...one of the afflicted girls [was a doctor s servant], and probably [had eaten] Putnam grain, since the doctor had no grain of his own; the Putnams [had] a huge amount of farmland, so many people [received] the Putnam grain† (Nekrosius’s Students). Ergot seems to be reasonable, especially since the Putnam’s farmland made up the vast majority of Salem Village. At one point, ergot could isolate and infiltrate the crop, then by the next year, there would be no sign of ergot. To identify whether the crop is infested or not, the rye would spew out yellow-colored mucus, but no one in Salem had any knowledge on the poison. Evidently, ergot poisoning also explains the sudden end to the trials. In 1692, a year after the trials began, there was a drought, so many crops were not able to grow and ergot poison could not spread. However, ergot poisoning was not the only theory suggested. Chiefly, encephalitis was considered to be another theory that explained the Salem trials. Encephalitis left people in coma-like trances and even dead. Symptoms included inflammation of the brain, headaches, fever, confusion, seizures, loss of hearing, and no control over eye muscles. Carlson provides with, â€Å"In 1916 physicians in Europe began to report puzzling symptoms in patients: convulsions, hyperactivity interspersed with periods of catatonic stupor, and severe eye-muscle disorders† (Mixon). Hence, the afflictedShow MoreRelatedWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1272 Words   |  6 PagesHistorians called this period the dark time when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. European descents brought them the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mainly all of the accused victims were womenRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1676 Words   |  7 PagesWilliams, Mary Walcott, and Mary Warren are very important people in the Salem Witch Trials. There are conflicting opinions on whether or not witches exist. However, when taking a more in-depth look at the trials, it is very evident that witches in 17th century Salem did not exist; children were accusing people out of boredom, parents were using this as a type of revenge, and the witch tests were unjust. The 17th century Salem witch trials all started when 9-year-old Betty Parris and 11-year-old AbigailRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1309 Words   |  6 Pageswhat when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. This time will be forever remembered for the people in the town and the victims and family members of the horrifying time. European descents brought with many of them was the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of theseRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1760 Words   |  8 PagesSalem, Massachusetts, the new English settlement for 17th century Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England, was and is known for the atrocity that rattled the land. This atrocity, or The Salem Witch Trials, began around 1692, several years af ter the Puritans settled in Salem. During the Trials, an absurd amount of women, men, and even dogs were accused of being possessed by the Devil, thus making them perform witchcraft or wizardry on both townspeople and the townspeople’s valuablesRead MoreThe Witches : Salem Witch Trials Of 16922179 Words   |  9 Pagesrole did Tituba s confession to be a witch start the mass hunt for the witches in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692? This investigation will include details on the events that occurred after Tituba’s confession in Salem during 1962 and 1963. It will also include a brief description of society at the time and what societal pressures may have led to this horrific time. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Stacy Schiff’s book â€Å"The Witches: Salem, 1692†, published in October 2015.Read MoreThe Witches : Suspicions, Betrayals And Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Stacy Schiff’s national bestseller The Witches highlights the suspicions, betrayals and hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials. In 1692, the commonwealth of Massachusetts executed five men, fourteen women, and two dogs for witchcraft. One might wonder how and why this Puritan colony became so caught up in this witch frenzy. In this book she is able to paint a clear picture of the panic that occurred among the people of Salem. â€Å"In three hundred years, we have not adequately penetratedRead MoreThe Salem Witches: Real or Imagined?1289 Words   |  5 Pages The Salem Witches: Real or Imagined? The Salem Witch Trials began because of a mysterious illness contracted by 11-year old Abigail Williams and her cousin Betty Paris (Burgan). Instead of looking for a logical explanation, the community immediately jumped to the conclusion that witches caused the girls curious behavior. Doctors commonly would diagnose an unknown illness as witchcraft, rather than looking for other explanations (Wolfinger). Erot of Rye, which causes severe contortions and hallucinationsRead MoreThe Hunt For Witches By William Golding1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hunt for Witches In 1692, Puritans practiced purity, worked hard and believed that God was the center of everything. The children were to be obedient to their parents and follow the ways of â€Å"pureness† outlined before them. They were to serve God and not participate in any form of witchcraft. The Puritans believed that anything that happened was either an act of God or the devil. However, the children loved the stories told by Tituba, a Barbadian slave, belonging to Reverend Parris and dancingRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Time Of Chaos And Panic Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages The Salem Witch Trials were a time of chaos and panic. It began in 1692 in Salem Village, Massachusetts. Three girls named Elizabeth (Betty) Parris, Abigail Williams and Ann Putnam began acting strange. They uttered odd words and sounds, threw things and had trance-like states. People were terrified and they didn’t know what to do. The fact that the girls had been playing a fortune telling game bef ore the strange behavior didn’t help the cause. After Reverend Parris (Elizabeth’s father) performedRead MoreSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a series of trials in which twenty-four people were killed after being accused of practicing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contributed

The Military in New Kingdom Egypt Free Essays

‘Explain the role and importance of the military in New Kingdom Egypt. ’ In New Kingdom Egypt, the military became very important. The army evolved from being a disorganised band of conscripted peasants into a lethal, professional outfit well equipped and ready for combat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Military in New Kingdom Egypt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Egypt became the most expansionist it had even been in its history. The emergence of Egypt’s army started in the 18th Dynasty when Ahmose expelled the Hyksos from Egypt. Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis III and also Ramses II and Ramses III further maintained Egypt’s military strength in campaigns ranging from Nubia to Syria. Prior to the New Kingdom in Egypt, the country’s military was an unprofessional group made up at different times of peasants, Nubian and Greek mercenaries and the King’s personal troops. In the New Kingdom, this changed dramatically. For the first time Egypt had a standing army, and being a soldier brought prestige and social standing as it had not done in the past. With the advances in the way the army was made up, there were also major advances in the equipment they used. For the first time body armour was used, as well as the sickle sword. During the 18th Dynasty in Egypt, Ahmose brought military to the fore of Egyptian life. He was the first king of the 18th Dynasty and probably ruled from 1539-1514 BC. Ahmose attacked Avaris and subsequently the Palestinian fortress of Sharuhen to end the Hyksos’ reign over Egypt. Ahmose then turned to Nubia and Egypt’s land grew south to the Second Cataract. After this Ahmose returned his attentions to Palestine and may have led campaigns as far as the Euphrates. Tuthmosis I followed soon after Ahmose’s reign and was highly trained in military practises. He only ruled for a short time – around 1493-1481 BC. However Tuthmosis I was a very effective general and in several campaigns, Tuthmosis I reached Argo, the Third Cataract, in Nubia and also the Euphrates River – while fighting the Syrians. He also defended Egypt’s colonies against the Mitanni people. Tuthmosis III was also very focussed on military. It is possible he spent most of his younger years in the military as his stepmother and regent, Hatshepsut, took over the rule of Egypt when Tuthmosis III was only very young. Tuthmosis III only took over the governance of Egypt when Hatshepsut finally died, leaving him free to take his rightful place. He ruled from around 1504-1450 BC, although for part of that time Hatshepsut may have been ruling. However once Tuthmosis III was king of Egypt, he led many successful military campaigns. He has even been referred to as the ‘Napoleon of Egypt’. In the battle for Megiddo, Tuthmosis III led his troops to fight through a narrow pass where soldiers could only march single file. When the army emerged from the canyon it was discovered that the enemy troops has arranged their lines expecting an attack from the two easier routes, and the Egyptians subsequently defeated their enemy in battle. In other wars, Tuthmosis III and his army marched from Thebes along the Syrian coast and captured three cities. Every year after that, Egypt’s armies would march against Syria until dominance over Palestine was established. Tuthmosis III recorded the capture of 350 cities at Karnak and he finally took the Syrian city Kadesh in his 42nd year of rule. The military continued to play a part in Egypt’s affairs during the New Kingdom with Ramses II. He was part of the 19th Dynasty and ruled from 1279-1213 BC. His most well known campaign was the Battle of Kadesh, although he brilliantly maintained Egypt’s borders against the Sherden (pirates) and created a defensive line of forts along Egypt’s north western border. Ramses II also made a peace treaty with the Hittites, which led to Egypt prospering greatly. Furthermore, Ramses II secured the kingdom of Amurru to return to Egyptian influence, as it had been lost during his father’s reign. However the Battle of Kadesh was his most famous, although was neither a victory but more of a loss for the Egyptians. Ramses II advanced on the Hittite army from the south, but was led to believe by captured enemy scouts that the Hittites were still far away to the north. Ramses set up camp only to find that the Hittites had already arrived for battle, and tried to hurry the rest of his army forward. However, 2 500 Hittites ambushed them as they tried to meet up with Ramses’ forces and were defeated. The Hittites then attacked Ramses and his troops. According to documentation, Ramses almost single handedly held off the Hittites. However it may be the case that the Hittites were simply distracted by the riches in the camp. Ramses was then saved by the appearance of the Ne’arin, another body of troops, which Ramses had separated in order to approach Kadesh from the north. The armies may have fought again the next day, but the end result of the conflict was the peace treaty between the Egyptians and the Hittites. This then prevented Egypt from ever taking control of Kadesh. Ramses III was the last great Pharaoh of Egypt and ruled in the 20th Dynasty from 1184-1153 BC. In Ramses III’s reign, the Libyans attacked in the south but were crushed by the Egyptian army. However Ramses and Egypt had a more powerful threat to deal with: the Sea People, who had destroyed the Hittite empire. The Sea People moved in to Egypt from Syria with the intention of settling. Luckily for Egypt Ramses was quick to send his army to fend off the Sea Peoples and the crisis was averted at least for a time. Next the Sea People approached from the sea, a cleaver move considering Egypt’s poor naval force. However again Egypt fended off this attack and saved itself once more. Ramses again proved himself an effective general while defending from another attack from the Libyans and Meshwesh which left 2 000 enemy soldiers dead on the battlefield. However once the New Kingdom collapsed Egypt lost most (if not all) of it’s colonies and was mostly ruled by foreigner. No one ever saw the likes of what occurred in the New Kingdom again. The military in New Kingdom Egypt was an organised and prestigious machine unlike anything that Egypt had seen before. Several Pharaohs stood out from the rest in terms of what they did for Egypt: Ahmose, who expelled that Hyksos; Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis III who led campaigns in Nubia, Argo, Syria and Kadesh; Ramses II and Ramses III were both excellent generals who maintained Egypt’s borders and fought to maintain the existence of Egypt. During New Kingdom Egypt the military became more important than it had ever been in the last years of power of the world’s most fantastic nations. How to cite The Military in New Kingdom Egypt, Papers

Religious Law for Islam and Homosexuality - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theReligious Law for Islam and Homosexuality. Answer: It is a well-known fact that homosexuality as well as any act of same-sex marriage is strictly prohibited by the Islam religion. Although Islam does condemn homosexuality, its condemnation of the same is highly ubiquitous. In other words, homosexuality is not distinctly mentioned in any of the religious scriptures of the Islam religion, and rather it is referred to as the actions of the people of Lot, that refers to Prophet Muhammads quote about condemning the people of Lot for the act of sodomy. Same sex marriage is highly condemnable as per the Islam Law because it is accused of causing moral decay (Jaspal, 2016). The Islam scriptures show three prominent reasons behind the non-acceptance of homosexuality and same-sex relations. First of all, same- sex marriage opposes and contradicts the divine law of creation and pro-creation. Secondly, it vandalizes social institutions such as marriage, and last of all, it also compels people to ignore Gods guidance in life. The present essay in tends to discuss and critically analyse the way Islamic people view the concept of homosexuality, and evaluate the reason behind the same as well. The Islamic scriptures strongly advice its followers that they should neither support nor should participate in any form of homosexual relation. In fact, it is important to note that the Islamic derogatory approach towards the issues of homosexuality and same sex marriage is clearly evident in the terms it uses to describe this act, which includes al-fahsha (meaning an obscene act), and shudhudh (meaning abnormality). First of all, it is important to state that the though process or approach to life of any person or community is influenced by the religious texts, ones religion asks him to subscribe to. Accordingly, since Quran is the central religious text of the Muslim people, it might be interesting to note what the Quran teaches the Islamic people about homosexuality. The holy book of the Muslims narrates the tale of Lut, whom God had punished for disobedience and transgression of the natural law of the universe. The Quran clearly states that whatever has been created in the unive rse, has been created in pairs. Thus, the pair of a male and a female indicates the fact that one is always expected to complement the other. The social institution of marriage is considered to be a holy institution in the Islamic religion, because it enables procreation, and it endorses the natural state in which everyone is supposed to live. The Quran clearly states that any person indulging in homosexual urges should be punished, though it does not strictly state what punishment is to be imposed on that person (Rahman, 2014). The nature of punishment ranges from imprisonment, flogging to death sentence, depending on the discretion of the jurists, and punishments are very common in countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, at the same time, it is important to mention here that the Islam religion also acknowledges an individuals right to privacy and hence a person is often spared punishment, and is left to repent alone, if he has not perpetrated the act of homosexuality in pub lic (Mahomed, 2013). The Quran contains many quotes that strongly condemn the acts of homosexuality, as evident in the story of a city which was completely ravaged because of the rain of fire once its residents were found to have committed homosexual acts with the messengers sent by God to the Prophet Lot. While trying to understand the Islam religions view of homosexuality, it is important to understand the Shariah Law and its take on marriage. As it is a well-known fact that the Shariah Law is an integral part of the religious law of Islam. The Shariah law is essentially a law, that primarily concerns itself with actions, rather than emotions. Consequently, it does not view marriage as anything more than a social institution, unlike most of the other religions. It does not attach the need of love and companionship to marriage, and rather deems it to be nothing more than a mere contract agreed upon by both the parties. While the male party is expected to offer financial security to his female partner, the latter is expected to offer the former exclusive sexual access, ultimately facilitating procreation. This form of agreement entered upon by the husband and the wife is considered to be holy and divine, and hence the violation of this agreement deserves condemnation, as per the Sharia h Law. The Shariah Law also has another significant aspect, as it also upholds that marriage has no room for desire or inclination to indulge in, and thus if two people are engaged in relation or getting married out of sexual desire, as is the case of same sex marriage, they should deserve punishment (Rehman, 2015). There is no point denying the fact that the Quran as well as the Hadith have been vocal in condemning any form of homosexual act, and believes that it does lead to the moral ruin of the public. It is worthwhile to note here that here are innumerable passages in Hadith, that call for harsh punishments for any sort of homosexual activity. However, at the same time, it is important to note how each of these texts has condemned and disapproved any instance of anal sex amongst men, and has not stated much about the romantic relation that might have existed amongst the people of same sex (McGee, 2016). Although most of the religious scriptures have recommended strong punishment to the people accused of homosexual acts, how far these punishments have been applied in real life scenario in todays world is still questionable. However, countries such as Turkey, or Jordan may not punish the guilty in a rigorous way, legal persecution is common in most parts of Saudi Arabia. While trying to understand same-sex marriage from the perspective of the Islam religion, it is important to understand that marriage is not anything romantic or emotional for the Islam followers. Rather, the Islamic scriptures view marriage as a kind of exchange occurring between two parties, solely for the purpose of financial protection and security, as well as exclusive sexual and reproductive rights. Hence, the desire to connect with another person, or to love him, is violation of the marriage agreement of the Islamic tradition, and consequently same-sex marriage that violates this divine agreement is not approved here. Love and a feeling of companionship can develop in the process, but it should not be the reason why two people should tie the knot. Although equal marriage is already legalized in many nations, including UK and Scotland, the same-sex marriage Muslim couples are not allowed access to the basic public facilities, such as education and healthcare centres, social serv ice agencies, nursing homes, orphanages, and others. Just like Judaism, it should be noted, the Islam religion also endorses a religious view that is being conceived more in terms of the idiom of law, rather than determining the right and wrong from a humanitarian viewpoint. Any sexual act that does not involve the act of vaginal penetration is considered illicit. There is no point re-stating that since same sex marriage does not involve penetration, t is prohibited by the Islam Law, and is seen as a sexual contact outside marriage. With the passing of time, people have become more independent while considering about important decisions of life such as relationship and marriage, and many of them have also voiced strong protest against the condemnation of homosexuality. The Islamic take on love and desire is quite different which clearly explains its rigid stand against homosexuality. Feelings such as love are not of much importance in the Islamic religion, and action is more important here. If the feeling as love here can be translated into action, it is good, or else if it is disapproved by God, the feeling should be abandoned at that very moment. If any feeling compels a person to violate the religious norms, then that feeling is believed to be highly condemnable in Islam tradition (Prothero, 2016). Hence, same-sex marriage or even the act of professing love to the person of same sex is seen as a violation of religious laws. Also, it should be noted that procreation is one of the very important issues as per the Islamic Law, and hence same sex marriage that prevents the possibility of reproduction and procreation is considered to be an act that has no future at all. Marriage is a bond that is rewarded with the child, and marriage without procreation has no value at all, as suggested in Shahih Muslim: "O Messenger of Allah! When one of us fulfils his sexual desire, will he be given a reward for that?" And he said, "Do you not think that were he to act upon it unlawfully, he would be sinning? Likewise, if he acts upon it lawfully he will be rewarded." (Schnabel Sevell, 2017). To conclude, it should be remembered that most of the countries have legalized homosexuality and same-sex marriage, placing the call for humanity on top. However, the Islamic countries still prohibit the same and strictly punish the offenders. For example, in Saudi Arabia, , homosexual men are arrested and sentenced to prison on charges linked to "debauchery" - and faced flogging or even the death penalty in Iran and Saudi Arabia. In Egypt, gays are persecuted legally for "violating public morality." Reference List: Jaspal, R. (2016). Islam and Homosexuality.The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Mahomed, N. (2013). Islam and Homosexuality, Samar Habib (Ed.): book review.Journal for Islamic Studies,33(1), 235-239. McGee, R. W. (2016). Do Liberals have Different Views on Homosexuality than Conservatives? An Empirical Study of Opinion in the United States. Prothero, S. (2016).Why Liberals Win the Culture Wars (Even When They Lose Elections): A History of the Religious Battles That Define America from Jefferson's Heresies to Gay Marriage Today. Harper Collins. Rahman, M. (2014). Islam versus Homosexuality as Modernity. InHomosexualities, Muslim Cultures and Modernity(pp. 27-48). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rehman, J. (2015). Sexual Rights in the Religious State.J. Islamic St. Prac. Int'l L.,11, 49. Schnabel, L., Sevell, E. (2017). Should Mary and Jane Be Legal? Americans Attitudes toward Marijuana and Same-Sex Marriage Legalization, 19882014.Public Opinion Quarterly,81(1), 157-172.

Even Though We All Have Immeasurable Opportunities To Live Our Lives M

Even though we all have immeasurable opportunities to live our lives more creatively, we only use our creativity sparingly. I think I achieved my highest level of creativity as a child. As a little girl, I was very absorbed in the exhilaration of adventures and inventions. As a result, I was always willing to try new things. I used to dream of becoming an educator. I always wanted to educate people in our society to understand that the opportunity of becoming accomplished and more knowledgeable is for the taking. And also as a person in this society, I desired to emphasize the power of learning. I always thought, and I still think, that education is the foundation of shaping and molding me as an individual in society. As an educator, I always though I could have set the forth ground for the rest of my family in following my footsteps. The excitement and satisfaction of accomplishing that, would have made my life much more meaningful. As I walked through my neighborhood and saw the crime, the homeless, the poverty, the alcoholism, and the suffering, it made me realize that the power of an educated mind was the answer to ending the plague called poverty. As a little girl, I thought the greatest achievement would have been to have the ability to help others to get to a point in their lives where destiny opened up a new door for them. As a child, I would also fantasize that I, as an individual, held a magic wand called education and that would help me change my society's addiction to crime. I still think that the role of education is what shapes our humanity and the more educated our society is, the less crimes and poverty you would see. All of my dreams changed as I got older. As one of the first members of my family to enter college, my one and only focus in life is to work hard and strive as an individual to succeed in the business world. I think I have become more realistic now and I know that one person alone cannot change the course of ignorance many people in our society have set for themselves. Ultimately, I think it is easier if I just focus my attention on reality rather than being idealistic and focusing on possibilities. However, I still think that the power of education is the basis of one's creativity, as well as individuality. I know my life would have been much more different if I would have followed my dreams, but I guess I just have to conform to what it is expected of me. I also have to admit that my imagination can take me too far and I am very afraid of taking risks that can lead to failure.

Supervision And Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Supervision And Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essays Supervision And Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay Supervision And Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Essay This study gives a elaborate analysis of the instance survey The Courthouse Hotel and besides answers the chief inquiries of staffing issues for the hotel in the approaching months along with the schemes which will assist to work out the jobs. Besides it describes the staff s reaction when the hotel is being upgraded to a four star and besides when the German delegates will be remaining in the hotel and utilizing its services followed by the stairss which will be taken by the supervisor take to minimise the impact of reaction to the proposed alterations in the hotel. The hotel is a three star located in the metropolis Centre. It has 150 suites with a Carver manner eating house and a little map room. Among the entire staff, 95 % work for full clip lasting contract and the staying 5 % are portion clip members. Majority of the invitees stay merely during the weeknights so the staff works merely for one weekend out of every four weekends. It besides faces competition signifier good known national and international hotels. Harmonizing to the instance a celebrated concern adult male took over the hotel before three months. He found that many other hotels are developing up including the convention Centre which is coming up really near by hotel so he thought to convey up the class of the hotel to a four star. For that he added on assorted services which include the big feasting installation, an a La menu eating house, a porter service and besides the room service. So if the needed criterions of a four star hotel and those of a competition are achieved he expects the concern to travel up by 60 % . Following summer the Courthouse has large challenge as inter governmental conference is to be held in the metropolis and for that the German delegates which includes the Chancellor of the Exchequer, politicians, advisers, civil retainers and other journalists are coming and non merely remaining in the hotel but besides have assorted imperativeness conferences and it is their concern to maintain them happy and non merely to give them what they expect but besides exceed their outlooks by giving exceeding service. This is merely possible if the interpersonal accomplishments are improved, the staff is trained and client service criterions are adhered to. 2. Staffing issues and schemes Staffing is the major portion of the direction map and plays an of import function in planing the operation of the organisation. Without staff the organisation can non be. So it is necessary that all the issues related to the staffs are solved and guaranting that staff are happy with the organisation. Because it is said that If you [ the director ] return attention of the employees, the employees will take attention of the invitees, and the net incomes will take attention of themselves ( Anon, cited in Miller 2006, p17 ) . So the issues followed by its schemes are described below. 2.1 Issues Lack of interpersonal accomplishments: The Courthouse hotels staff deficiency in interpersonal accomplishments. It is the basic accomplishment which is expected from an hotelkeeper. The word is self explanatory which means that the staff should be able to understand others what he/she want to convey and on the other manus he/she should be able to convey the message in such a manner that the intent is understood. This is missing among the staff and it needs to be improved. It is a serious issue because if the staffs convey the incorrect message so straight or indirectly it will surely impact the invitee and therefore the gross of the hotel will besides be affected. Lack of proper Shift timings: The displacement timings presently followed in the hotel is 6.30-3.30 and 3.00-11.00. This timing is non executable because of the high criterions of the hotel and besides when the German Chancellor and his squad arrive in the hotel they will hold to execute work more expeditiously and exactly and besides at a great gait which involves batch of difficult work. So the hotel should hold the timings in such a manner that all staff is every bit distributed in all the displacements. The timings can be from 0600-1600, 1500-23.00, 0900-1800 and 2200-0700. Ratio of lasting staff and portion clip staff: Presently there is 95 % of the lasting staff and merely 5 % are under portion clip. But with the current state of affairs where the criterions are high and besides the reaching of German Chancellors staffing is a major job in the hotel. Unless and until the staffing is changed and there is a equal distribution of permanent every bit good as portion clip staff the hotel will non be able to run swimmingly. If we appoint more of portion clip staff members than the full clip staff so the staff cost will be reduced and besides acquire the work done. This will besides cut down political relations among the staff which is a major concern these yearss. Staffs merely work for hebdomad darks: It is said that the staff merely work for hebdomad yearss and every one hebdomad terminal out of four. But in a four star hotel where service affairs, staff demand to work for 24/7 with equal distribution of displacements. So it is besides a major concern for the hotel because for an efficient room service staff needs to work more and every twenty-four hours. Rather than working merely for one hebdomad terminal, staff should be given off for at least one twenty-four hours per hebdomad and work for all the hebdomad ends. Competition Because of many developments in the hotel in the close by countries, the competition has increased to a great extent. All hotels have the same eating houses, suites and installations what affairs is the type of service offered. 2.2 Schemes Enrolling the prospective staff: The really first measure for the hotel is to hold a good homo resource squad who will enroll the possible staff who has the needed quality of an hotelkeeper and is willing to function the invitees. The human resource squad should measure each and every campaigner via personal interview and prove his capablenesss and cognition. Here enrolling the experient staff will be of great aid. Developing the interpersonal accomplishments of the staff: The staff should be able to pass on clearly and exactly with his couples and besides with the invitees. It is because an person can non run the hotel or a eating house own his ain. Team work is a must for the staff. For illustration if a steward does nt convey the right thing to the chef the chef would non understand and finally the invitee will be unsated and angry and consequence in ailments. If the staffs have good interpersonal accomplishments so they besides will be able to function the invitee every bit rapidly as possible which will cut down the bringing clip and aid in good clip direction. If the house maintaining staff do nt convey about the room clearance the forepart office will non be able to sell room to the invitees which will impact the gross of the hotel. So a good interpersonal accomplishment is a must in each and every administration. Motivating the staff: Motivation can be defined as the art of acquiring people to make what you want them to make because they want to make it ( US President Dwight Eisenhower, cited in quotations.about.com ) . In other words motive is the interior power or energy to make a undertaking with full enthusiasm. Motivation can be applied to each and every thing whether it is little or large it does nt count. It is the most of import key to success ( sasson2008 ) . So in the approaching months the staffs of Courthouse Hotel needs to be motivated. For that each and every staff needs to hold a end. The direction should give inducements or honor the staff for giving a good public presentation. Besides organizing certain Tourss and games will besides maintain the staff motivated. Supplying appropriate preparation: The staff should be trained harmonizing to the criterions of the hotel because the hotel is being upgraded to a four star it will hold a new set of processs and criterions which need to be followed purely. The proficient cognition should besides be given to the staff because unless the staffs have a good cognition they will non be able to work confidently in forepart of the invitees. So a good proficient cognition along with cognition related to the basic criterions of client service will assist to function the invitees more confidently and exactly. Follow set service criterions and processs: As the hotel is upgraded to a four star and besides it has German Delegates and Chancellors remaining in the hotel, so the hotel has to develop new service criterions and processs which is necessary for all the staff non merely to cognize but besides follow. If found non found following the regulations the staff should be penalised. 3. Staff reaction to the proposed alterations and supervisors actions It is said that alteration is the jurisprudence of nature. So change harmonizing to the demand has to be at that place. As the universe is altering fast and the administrations should besides alter and follow the new alterations harmonizing to the demand. The administrations who can follow the alteration solves the job of the staff and keeps them motivated survives and excels while the other has to fight difficult to last. So staff may respond in many ways to these proposed alterations which needs to be evaluated and solved to understate it every bit much as it can be with the aid of supervisors. 3.1 Staff reaction The staff may respond in a figure of ways to these alterations of hotel up step and reaching of Germans. Staff might go forth the hotel: Due to the up step of the hotel staff might decline to work. It is so because they are accustomed to that type of environment and do nt desire to alter. It is besides possible that they do nt desire to work excess and pass more clip in the hotel because with this alteration staff will be holding a batch of load. Staff might travel on work stoppage: With this sudden alteration in the hotel the staff might oppose these alterations and they might organize a brotherhood and travel on work stoppage. It is so because they do nt wish to alter or do nt believe the new concern adult male who has taken over the hotel. This will give a negative promotion to the hotel and will convey down the hotels position really severely. Might work half heartedly: Even though the staff might work after the alterations has been made but would non work the same manner as they were working antecedently. They would non respond in the same enthusiastically as they were antecedently. They would non follow the new regulations which will be developed for the improvement of the service and hotel and besides go irregular. This will straight impact the hotels concern negatively. Might develop a negative attitude: Staff besides would non follow the supervisors order and consequence in struggles and grudges and accordingly affect the staffs inter relation which will impact the service criterions. They might besides develop an attitude of being non loyal to the company. It is besides possible that the staff might be really positive to these reactions: Apart from these negative reactions it is possible that the staff might respond really positively and take it as a great challenge. It will besides assist in positive promotion of the hotel. 3.2 Supervisors actions to understate the impact of reactions A supervisor is any individual who manages people who make merchandises and/or perform services ( Miller et al, 2006, p5 ) . So supervisors public presentation depends on his staffs public presentation. So if he is able to pull off them decently and efficaciously he will success in his work. It is the work of supervisor to pull off resources, procedure, information and people. A supervisor should hold a good proficient cognition, communicate decently, handle struggle, supply support and offer congratulations. He should besides be able to work out jobs, make determinations and manage clip efficaciously. The supervisor should convey them all together and work in a group together. It has to be a squad work because cipher can work entirely. He should convert all the staff to work united. He should put himself as an illustration to his squad. He should take by giving those illustrations where he has truly excelled in any work and has given an extraordinary end product. This will animate them besides to make the same for the company and besides for themselves. Make a positive work environment. The environment sets it all. They should actuate them all and should continuously honor the staff for their good work. He should be able to make the flow of work which will do them busy in such a manner that they do nt experience bored. Motivate the staff. Supervisor should continuously honor the staff for their good work and should besides throw an unfastened party to the staff for an exceeding twenty-four hours. Obtain the necessary resources, and pull off them suitably. He should garner all the resources and set together to work by pull offing them decently. Treat all squad members reasonably and every bit without any favoritism of sex. ( Wagen etal.2003p15-21 ) 4. Decision The hotel Courthouse is being up graded and besides it has German delegates and Chancellor of the Exchequers coming and remaining in the hotel. So in the months to come it is traveling to confront many jobs. So in order to get the better of those jobs it has to hold a scheme and solutions which will assist them to over semen and assist them to maintain up their criterions. One of the biggest jobs is the deficiency of interpersonal accomplishments which can be developed via appropriate preparation by bettering the communicating accomplishments, developing the squad work and supplying the appropriate cognition. The staff timings and displacements besides need changed and an appropriate measure demands to be taken which will split the staff every bit in all the displacements without any favoritism and jobs. The chief scheme to get the better of the job is to enroll merely the budding staffs that are capable of making and giving their best what is expected. For that the campaigners need to be personally interviewed and tested on their cognition and managing state of affairss. In this instance of hotel up step experient staff can assist a batch in actuating staff and acquiring the best out of the employees. Due to the major alterations in the hotel staff may respond in a figure of ways. Some may wish it and take it really sportingly and lend in the improvement of the administration. Where as some may oppose it and can travel on work stoppage, might work half heartedly or might go forth the occupation in the fright of excess load and work and besides some do nt wish to alter and prefer to work as they are. In order to cut down the staff jobs and their negative reactions the supervisor has to take effectual reactions which will assist the constitution in the improvement of them.

The Fashion Channel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Fashion Channel - Case Study Example The paper "The Fashion Channel Case" concerns the fashion Cannel case.The Fashion Channel, commonly known by its initials TFC, was successful cable TV network, that through time, continued to solely base, and dedicate its broadcasting to fashion, as well as other related entertaining features, twenty-four hours a day. The channel continued to flourish, being one of the most widely available networks on air, and within transmission in the U.S. Statistics reveal that, about eighty million households in the U.S, had subscribed cable television, that had the Fashion Channel in range fo viewing It was clear to Wheeler that, TFC had grown impressively, though quickly, and maintained that the trend ought to be kept up. It however proved astounding that, this growth did not entail strategies involving branding, detailed segmentation or any positioning strategies whatsoever, yet the growth and development was clear. Viewers were provided with meaningful and appropriate substitute channels for view. The same case applied to advertisers, who gained handsomely from the T.V sector and particular programmes in general. This new dynamics of competition had prompted the administration of the company behind the channels success, to rethink and get back to the drawing board, on what strategies would facilitate prevalence of the company, against it competitors. It was time for the channel to secure its position as the leader in the market. This was only possible, through the building of modern brand strategies.

Medium is the Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medium is the Message - Essay Example Electric speed has made known in the desert, savannah and bushes the lines of force operating from Western technology. Electric speeds cause prehistoric cultures to intermingle the dregs of the non-literate, the industrial marketeers with the cultures of the semiliterate and post-literate (McLuhan 20). This uprooting and outpouring with new information accompanied with endless new patterns of information results in mental breakdown of varying degrees. An increasing awareness in the effects of technology on the formation and manifestation of psychic has resulted in persons to lose of confidence in the right to assign guilt. According to ancient prehistoric societies, crime was solely pathetic. In our IQ testing, a great flood of misbegotten standards has been produced (McLuhan 19). This results in our individual testers assume that intelligence is displayed by uniform continuous habits. The typographic cultural bias eliminates the tactile and ear man. Typographic spell is a transforming power of media which causes progressive efficiency and simplification in any technology. This effect challenges the response of senses, but this is constantly ignored. Arnold Toynbee, for instance, imagines that it is the response of the opinions that is pertinent to the effects of media and technology in the society (McLuhan 27). The medium has, therefore, taken dominance, and is not only the bearer of the message, but the

Ethics in Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Research - Essay Example If animals other than man -- what is known to us as the lower form of life -- are defended and fought by animal activists, how much more for the higher form of life! In general, the modern man no longer accepts any type of experiment done to the human race. Lesson from the Experiment In spite of the horrible nature of Zimbardo’s experiment, there are several things that we can get (i.e., as lessons) from such laboratory experiment. Most fundamental to the experiment is the shocking revelation pertaining to truth -- or parcel of truth -- on the nature of man: Is man inherently evil? The participants in the 1971 experiment, especially those who played as jail officers, showed a strange character upon portraying their designated â€Å"role.† Prior to the experiment, these participants -- as University students -- are reasonable and sensible individuals, doing their academic tasks in order to attain an honorable degree. In the course of the experiment, however, good guys be came bad guys. The â€Å"jail officers† exhibited sadistic behavior towards their â€Å"prisoners.† In essence, this is surprising because of their inhumane or, if you may, â€Å"uncivilized† action or reaction against the perplexed prisoners. End and Means To a modern mind, the end does not justify the means.

Environmental Geochemistry of Gold

Environmental Geochemistry of Gold INTRODUCTION Gold is a chemical element with the symbol (Au) and atomic number 79. In its pure state, it is a bright, moderately reddish yellow, dense, soft malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a density of 19,300kg/m3, though native gold typically has a density of 15,00kg/m3 (Marsden et al 2006). Because gold is inert at ambient temperature and pressure, there are very few naturally occurring compounds of the metal. The purity of gold (sometimes referred to as fitness) is expressed in karats. Pure gold is 24 karat (Boyle 1987). Gold is one of the native earth metals that is of very high value in our world today. The current price of gold per Ounce is approximately 1220usd (GFMS, Thomson Reuters, 2016). Gold plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Gold, the noblest of metals, has been used by man for more than 5000 years (Nelson et al, 2014). Its malleability, softness and resistance to tarnish, led to its earliest uses in art and currency. It is the metal choice for jewellery. Some of the countries where gold is mined are South Africa, USA, Canada, China, Australia, Indonesia, Peru, Russia etc. The average concentration of gold in the earths crust is 0.005 g/t, which is much lower than most other metals, for example, copper (50% g/t) and silver (0.07 g/t)(Boyle, R. W.1979). Gold is commonly associated with other metals like iron, lead, zinc, copper and silver. Minerals most associated with gold are pyrite, marcasite and pyrrhotiteetc. Gold is the most noble of metals, and its geochemistry is conditioned principally by this fact Minor concentrations of gold occurs in most natural substances. In seawater, for example, there is approximately 0.012 parts per billion (ppb) of gold, and in fresh water it is slightly higher at 0.02ppb (Boyle, R. W.1979). Its average concentration in the earths crust or lithosphere is approximately 5ppb, and in sedimentary rocks it may have concentrations of up to 2100ppb or 2.1 parts per million (ppm). At these concentrations 20 or 30 tons of rock must be processed to extract a single ounce of precious gold. As a result, gold can only be mined profitably where it is highly concentrated by natural chemical and physical processes. Gold occurs in many different rock types and geological environments and economic deposits are main ly of two types: lode deposits (primary) and placer deposits (secondary)(BGS 2010). Gold is extracted by open cast or underground mining method, which depends on the geological settings of a deposit. Gold in its raw state is displayed in the diagrams below. PROPERTIES OF GOLD      Ã‚   Physical Properties Gold is both ductile and malleable. Ductile meaning it can be drawn into wire forms. Malleable meaning capable of being hammered into thin sheets. Gold is quite soft. It can be scratched by a penny. Its melting point is 1,064. 760C (1,948.570F) and its boiling point is about 2,7000C (4,9000F). Its density is 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter. Gold leaf is translucent and the transmitted light is greenish blue colour gold metal reflects yellow and red, leaving the greenish colour (Boyle R. W. 1979). Chemical Properties Gold is known to be a noble metal. It is chemically inactive. This is because it is highly resistance to react with other elements. The oxidation state of gold ranges from -1 to +5. The +1 and +3 (Au (I) AND Au (III)) are the most common oxidation state of gold. It is resistant to the effect of most acids and therefore does not corrode easily. Apart from acids, gold does not combine directly with oxygen). Gold has one stable isotope, 197 Au. Aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, has the ability to dissolve gold (Young and Derek, 2009). USES OF GOLD Gold has been used to make jewellery and ornamental objects for thousands of years. Gold nuggets found in a stream are easy to work and were probably one of the first metals used by humans. Today most gold that is newly recycled is used in the manufacture of jewellery. About 78% of gold consumed each year is used in the manufacture of jewellery. Special properties of gold make it good suitable for manufacturing of jewellery. These include very high lustre and its yellow colour. Pure gold is known as 24 karat gold. Pure gold is too soft, craftsmen learned that alloying gold with other metals such as copper, silver and platinum increase its durability. Gold is also used for medical purposes, to treat small number of medical conditions. Radioactive gold is used in diagnosis. Gold as an extraordinary ductile and malleable metal, it is still cosmic demand in jewellery, medical applications, because of its unique physical and chemical properties (Spitzer and Rodnei, 2004). According to (Renner et al. 2000), gold and its alloys are used for conductor material and low-voltage contacts for communication and information transfer equipment, where even very thin oxide layers would cause interruptions or failures in signal transfer. Below are the examples of processed gold. EXTRACTION OF GOLD Gold panning, sluicing and mercury processes have been extensively used in placer mining to recover gold from primary sources. The primary sources of gold are alluvial gravel and auriferous quartz. Gold extraction may require comminution, mineral resources, pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical process to be performed on the ore. Mechanical separation, pyro-metallurgical, hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical technologies have been extensively used to recover gold from secondary sources (Fleming, 1992). Mining gold from year to year is always an increase, in which the more developed, ranging from mining system that uses simple system to a more modern processing system. Gold mining was first carried out in alluvial areas. Processing system is also very simple to do that is by panning using a tray, which then developed with gold mining wave table, and followed by gravity separation method using the amalgamation process with the capture of mercury. GOLD PROCESSING After the extraction of gold from its ore, it is further passed through comminution (crushing / milling). This comminution process is divided into stages: Refractory ore processing, crushing and milling. Once the size of the ore is reduced, the process is then performed by separating the mineral concentration process gold from mineral impurities, consisting of several kinds of processing techniques: process gravity concentration, amalgamation process, flotation process, leaching process. From the stage of the process, will then be obtained concentrate processing ores containing various metals. And the concentrate will be processed in order to obtain the value of gold in high purity chemical process. And a few stages of the treatment process through a process: smelting, parting and aqua regia. After the treatment of the processed gold by the above processes, it is finally made into different forms, for example gold bars, jewelries, gold equipment etc. Below is a flow chart showing the processing of gold. GOLD DISCARDING Recent research has proven Gold and other precious metals for example silver, palladium and platinum are discarded mostly through e-waste in our environments today. (Husman, 2004) revealed that in mobile phones, three quarter of the environmental impacts result from gold and palladium content. According to (Husman et al, 2007). Gold accounts for 16% of the total environmental weight of materials contained in waste IT and telecommunication equipment (excluding monitors). UNEP (2005) reported that 20 to 50 million tonnes of small waste electrical and electronic equipment (sWEEE) are generated worldwide every year. Report shows that these discarded metals are being recycled and reused. GOLD WASTE AND POLLUTION As gold is being extracted from mines, gold waste are concentrated in the rock piles, tailings and waste rocks. The waste from gold mines constitutes the largest single source of waste and pollution. As at 1997, South Africa produced an estimated 468 million tons of mineral waste per annum (DWAF, 2001). Gold mining waste was estimated to account for 221 million tons of 47% of mineral waste produced in South Africa, making it the largest, single source of waste and pollution (DWAF, 2001). There are more than 270 tailings in the Witwatersrand Basin, covering approximately covering 400 km in surface area (AngloGold Ashanti, 2004). These dams are mostly unlined and many are not vegetated, providing a source of extensive dust, as well as soil and water (surface and groundwater) pollution (Anglo Gold Ashanti, 2004). Historically impoundment on land was the preferred option for tailings disposal. The environmental implication of this disposal option include contamination of streams and rivers by acid mine drainage (AMD), contamination of streams due to surface run off from the impoundment area, air and water contamination due to wind erosion of dried-out tailings. The exposure of sulphide bearing rock materials to oxygen and water produces Acid mine drainage. Mine waste problems are numerous, but the most difficult problem to handle is the acid mine drainage (AMD) that emanates from both surface and underground workings, waste and development rock, tailing piles and ponds (Durkin and Hermann, 1994). TOXICITY Gold mining has been reported to be a dangerous activity as the heavy metals, mainly Hg, Pb and As are released into the environment. There were studies based on the assessment of the above stated heavy metals and their presence in soil and water in Kenya, South Africa and other parts of Africa. These metals were selected because of their toxicity nature in similar mining environments. According to the United States Agency for Toxic substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 1999) Hg, Pb and As are in the top list of hazardous substances. As and Pb are major metals in gold sulphide deposits, where they occur as minerals mainly in arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and galena (PbS), respectively. Under natural conditions, they are relatively stable. However, gold extraction from its ore breaks down these minerals due to exposure to oxygen and water, thereby making it acidic. Mercury as a pollutant in mining is released during gold processing, when mercury is used to amalgamate gold so as to recover it from its ore. Cadmium is also another toxic metal, occupying position seven in the list of hazardous substances, generally occurring as an isometric trace element in sphalerite. It is estimated that about 1.32kg of Hg is lost for every 1kg of (Au) produced (Harada et al., 1997). As, Pb and Hg are all known as poisonous metals which when taken in by humans causes lots of diseases. GOLD STANDARDS Gold standard is referred to as monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types of gold standard can be distinguished: specie, exchange, and bullion. Most nations abandoned the gold standard as the basis of their monetary systems at some point in the 20th century, although many hold substantial gold reserves. An estimated total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, according to (GFMS Thomson Reuters, 2012). This is roughly equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 9,261 cubic metres (327,000 cu ft), or cube 21 metres (69 ft) on a side. There are also other varying estimates of the total volume of gold mined. DISCUSSION Gold is defined as a chemical element with the symbol (Au) and atomic number 79. In its pure state, it is a bright, moderately reddish yellow, dense, soft malleable and ductile metal. Gold is one of the native earth metals that is of very high value in our world today. The current price of gold per Ounce is approximately 1220usd (GFMS, Thomson Reuters, 2016). It has different properties, which are physical and chemical properties. Physical properties which consist of the malleable and ductile nature of gold, density of gold and also its melting and boiling point. Chemical properties which is its resistance to corrosion and it is chemically inactive. Gold has been reported to be used for the production of jewelries, medals and monetary exchange. Gold can be recovered or extracted from primary source in placer mining by the use of panning, sluicing and mercury or cyanide amalgamation. In secondary sources the use of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy and bio-hydrometallurgy has been applied to recover gold from ore. After the extraction of gold from its ore, its passed through crushing and and milling process. This is done so as to reduce the size before conducting other processes, which involves leaching, flotation, gravity concentration and amalgamation to separate the gold concentration from its impurities. And finally through a few stages of the treatment process which involves smelting, parting and aqua regia. The processed gold after the above treatment is then produced into various forms for example jewelries, medals etc. Discarded gold from e-waste and other sources is being recycled into new forms. Generally mine water waste, rock piles and tailings from mining has led to the pollution of our environment today. The most common problem concerned with mining is Acid mine drainage. (AMD), occurs when rock bearing sulphide materials are exposed to oxygen and water. The extraction of gold from its ore also causes the release of toxic substances for example lead, mercury, arsenic etc. These substances, when introduced into our environment and spread through water bodies, it causes adverse effect to humans health. Gold standard is known to be a monetary system, in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types have been distinguished: specie, bullion and exchange. CONCLUSION Research has shown that gold is chemically inactive, which is because of its high resistance to react with other metals. It is proven that in its natural state, it occurs with other metals and minerals. The extraction of gold from its ore causes the exposure of this minerals and heavy metals in our environment. Heavy metals e.g. Lead (Pb), Arsenic (AS), Mercury (Hg). And sulphide minerals which are mostly common with ores, when exposed to oxygen and water produces Acid mine drainage (AMD). Mercury is introduced by humans in the extraction of gold to amalgamate with gold making it easier to recover from ore. These heavy metals are toxic substances, which when released into water bodies in our environment cause severe hazard to humans. REFERENCES 50.6 EXTRACTION OF GOLD AngloGold Ashanti ( 2004). Case studies. Woodlands Project- good progress being made with phytoremedation project. Environment- AngloGold Report to society. Department of Water and Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). (2001). Waste generation in South Africa. Water Quality Management Series. Pretoria. Boyle, R. W. (1987). Gold: History and Genesis of deposits. Canada Geol. Survey Bull 280. Durkin, TV and Hermann, JG. (1994). Focussing on the problems of Mining waste: an introduction to Acid Mine Drainage. EPA Seminar publication no. EPA/625/R-95/007. Managing environmental problems at inactive and Abandoned metal mine sites. Harada, M. (1997). Neurotoxicity of methylmercury: Minamata and the Amazon. Mineral and metal neurotoxicology, 177-188. Marsden, J., House, I. (2006). The chemistry of gold extraction. SME. Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL(Citing a website) Boyle, R. W. (1979). The geochemistry of gold and its deposits (together with a chapter on geochemical prospecting for the element) (No. 280). Unipub. Rapson, W. S. (1992). Mining, Extraction and Refining of Gold. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 17(3), 203-212. Eugene, W. W. L., Mujumdar, A. S. (2009). Gold Extraction and Recovery Processes. Minerals, Metals, and Materials Technology Centre, National University of Singapore. Delgado, C., Artim, E., Szezak, J., Stevels, A. (2007). Review of Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). UNU, Bonn. Nelson, A. (2014). Michael Hamburger, John Rupp G188 16 June 2014 Gold in the West. Park, Y. J., Fray, D. J. (2009). Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2), 1152-1158. UNEP, E. (2005). waste, the hidden side of IT equipments manufacturing and use E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipments manufacturing and use, Environment Alert Bulletin. Renner, H., Schlamp, G., Hollmann, D., Là ¼schow, H. M., Tews, P., Rothaut, J., Drieselmann, R. (2000). Gold, gold alloys, and gold compounds. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Reuters, T. (2012). Gold Survey 2012. April 2012. London: Thomson Reuters GFMS. Spitzer, M., Bertazzoli, R. (2004). Selective electrochemical recovery of gold and silver from cyanide aqueous effluents using titanium and vitreous carbon cathodes. Hydrometallurgy, 74(3), 233-242. Schultz, J., El-Kretsen, A. B., Huisman, J. (2004). QWERTY and Eco-Efficiency analysis on cellular phone treatment in Sweden. http://www.miningeducation.com/2011/12/processing-flow-chart-of-gold.html http://www.vosizneias.com/211793/2015/08/09/colorado-gold-mine-toxic-wastewater-spill-triples-in-volume-to-3-million-gallons/ http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/rivers-of-gold-in-our-recycling-bins/2007/04/15/1176575687671.html Figure 5. Simplified gold processing flow chart (after Processing flow chart of gold, 2011)

AIDS :: AIDS Essays

AIDS HIV and/or AIDS is a life threatening disease that is affecting society today. It is a serious epidemic that is threatening millions of lives around the world. A person can become HIV infected thorough the sharing syringes or through vaginal or anal sex, one does not become infected from the air as some might think. It is infected through the blood. Testing positive for human immunodefiency virus or HIV, means that you carry the antibodies, you can be HIV infected and not have AIDS, AIDS occurs in later stage of infection. A person is infectious through all stages, although studies have shown that a person is most infectious during the early stage of detection and in the final stage of AIDS, during the midcourse of the infection they are less infectious. There are several things that one can do to prevent becoming HIV positive. One items is that you can practice abstinence, or on a more realistic view, one should be monogamous and always use condoms. It has been researched that the use of condoms lowers the risk of becoming HIV infected by 90%. Although this protection is not 100% it is the only way that actually helps prevent you from getting the virus. I think that society should make condoms more accessible to young people, I believe they should have condom machines in girl and guys school bathrooms. I also feel that they should be distributed in school social events such as dances or proms, when it is most likely that they will be having sex. Giving youth condoms is not encouraging sex, in my opinion yet it is educated them that they must protect themselves not only from unwanted pregnancies or venereal disease but from death, and from future spread of this epidemic. Studies shown that 50% of infected people are youths between the ages of 15 to 24 years of age. (Public Health Reports Jul. 1995, v110n4, p462-466. If this is the stage that statistics is showing that are most k]likely to contract the virus than why not do everything possible to help prevent it. Another study that I believe has brought results in the needle exchange program, In which drug users go and exchange their dirty needles for clean ones in order to prevent becoming or getting someone infected. "There are increasing data showing that those who regularly exchange their syringes in such programs benefit by lowering their risk of HIV acquisition". Khoshnood, Haven Public Health Reports Jul 1995, v110n4, p 462-466. I believe that AIDS education should be mandated in al states. As I

Female Body Dissatisfaction

The Media's Influence on Female Body Dissatisfaction Too often we hear ourselves and others complain about the way we look. Females of all ages complain that they need to lose weight, need a nose Job, lip injections, Bottom, and implants. These surgical procedures are even advertised on public transportation. Most of us are not satisfied with our bodies even though we are considered healthy. What can possibly be the cause for most women to be dissatisfied with their natural bodies? Consider that most women are comparing themselves to unrealistic models in magazines and â€Å"perfect† bodies advertising assign and beauty products.Notice I quote the word perfect, I do this because I believe body image is subjective, yet many people don't think so anymore causing them to become dissatisfied with their bodies. This unfortunate dissatisfaction is caused by the way the media portrays beauty and the ideal body. Commissioning editor of The Observer magazine Eva Washman, In her persuas ive-informative article, â€Å"Uncomfortable in our skin: the body-image report,† discusses the media's massive role on the way most people, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies.She adopts an earnest tone in order to display Just how massive the media's role towards this issue is to her adult readers. Washman's purpose is to expose that the way the media displays the ideal attractive body will, has, and is causing people from as young as age seven to be dissatisfied with their body. Washman advises people, who feel dissatisfied with their bodies, to consume the media critically and realize that they are advertising trying to sell them something. In the beginning of her article washman arrives at the University of the West of England to visit the world's only Centre for Appearance Research (Car).There she meets the women of the Car, a team led by Professor Nicholas Ramsey and Dry Diana Harcourt, to discuss their research on how people deal with changing attitudes to appearance, and along the way helping answer the question: why do people, women and men, hate the way they look? She mentions to them that she doesn't like the way she looks as well. Throughout her article she points out four main points about the way the media is effecting the way people, specifically women, hate the way they look.First she points out that people are becoming dissatisfied with their appearance from a onus age and for many women it lasts almost forever. Second she points out that people who are dissatisfied with their appearance compare themselves to social networked strangers, celebrities, and to photodiode images provided by the media. Third she points out that It is the fashion industry fault for making skinny, bony, unhealthy models seem like the ideal â€Å"perfect body' because their size zero sample sizes force the media to advertise on such bodies.The fourth point, she adds, is that today's diets, which are continuously advertised by the media in magazines, TV, and he radio, are the way people are cognitively encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety. Washman concludes that the best way for people to get past the media false portrayal of the ideal â€Å"perfect† body, is to consume the media critically by reminding themselves that the media is advertising, and they are Just trying to sell them a certain product. Washman also concludes that after leaving the Car she is still insecure with her appearance but she now has a better understanding of why she feels that way.Washman furthers her purpose by effectively combining the use of Logos, Ethos, and Pathos to expand her main points. Washman Effectively convinces her audience that the media has a massive role on the way most people, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies through the use of interviewing women who are in a powerful position in the media paired with emotional stories from victims of this dissatisfaction including herself. She also tells of her extensive research in the area to make her readers believe in her credibility.By using all 3 strategies, Logos, Ethos, and Pathos she effectively gets the reader to believe her logically, to relate emotionally, and to establish her authority. Although washman's article is strong and credible, I believe she personalizes the topic. The Car talks in general about the way people hate the way they look while she mainly focuses on the female sex. I think that took away from her purpose because she started out talking about both sexes but got into detail on only the effect it has on females. Also, throughout the article she misuses Ethos or authority by not citing her sources in some areas.I agree with all of Wigwams points completely, I can relate to them because I personally am dissatisfied with my appearance and she helped me analyze why the media is to blame for our dissatisfaction. Specifically thou I agree that our anxiety. I always feel so g uilty when I have a piece of chocolate or a bag of chips. The reason I feel guilty is because I feel like models and women who are considered sexy are watching out, working hard, and avoiding these foods, and I am eating them and not being as slim as the people who don't.Washman mention Bounce's Bibb post pregnancy weight loss in her article to support my thoughts and feelings. Washman's effective use of Logos and misuse of ethos appears in her first point; People are coming dissatisfied with their appearance at a young age, and in many cases this dissatisfaction lasts almost forever. She uses Logos or logic to prove her point by bringing in statistics. She explains that at age 5 children start to realize that their appearance is being Judged by others, at age seven they feel insecure and dissatisfied with their appearance, and that 90% of women in Britain feel anxious about their body image. Although she did somewhat prove her point she did not include her source here, which causes the audience to question her credibility of this topic. She then explained that this can almost last forever in some women. Contrastingly in this part of her evidence Washman clearly states â€Å"And it doesn't wane – many women in their ass are still anxious about the way their bodies look which, Professor Ramsey explains, can even affect their treatment in hospital, when their health choices are influenced by aesthetics. I agree with her because, being born in the mid ass's, I went through body dissatisfaction at a very young age. I used to cry to my mom when I was 6 because I didn't look anything like Barbie. Now I feel very ignorant for that but I still feel dissatisfied with my body even though I am at a healthy weight. She shows logic because her point is clear and specific, she has strong reason, and she gives evidence of her point, but her evidence is not completely credible therefore her logos or logic is not either because in order to have strong logic your eviden ce must also be credible.As you can see in her statistics she discuses males, she only speaks of females, this will most likely cause her body image-dissatisfied males to draw away from her article. Washman then uses Ethos in a better way along with pathos or emotion to continue to prove her first point. She connects herself by going back to her editing career. She tells a story about her emotions towards her appearance. She states â€Å"Two years ago I started writing a column for this magazine, illustrated by a photo of my face. At times it made me feel odd (l have never liked photos), at other times sad, often anxious.It made me more aware that I don't like the way I look, but more, I don't like the fact that I don't like it. But it's not Just me. All Car's research suggests that Britain's body image is in crisis. † Here she establishes authority effectively by connecting herself to the gist and she uses Car as a credible source. Pathos is used here because of her emotiona l story bout how she has been feeling dissatisfied with her appearance for the past two years of her career. The emotion she used is where the Pathos strategy comes in.She gets the audience to relate to her feelings by using this story to get there emotions going and to also get them to imagine the illustration of her face. She uses the words Odd, sad, and anxious. Her use of diction here is clear there is a pattern of sadness in her words to get the audience to realize how the media affects their emotions negatively Just like it does for her. I think she should have used a much stronger rod than sad, I would liked it if she used the word gloomy or even another word that is more intense such as depressed.Also I think the women and men reading this will find themselves questioning what exactly made her feel sad, odd, and anxious. What about the illustration made her feel that way? She does not demonstrate the illustration at all. I think if she was more specific, It would bring more emotion to them and help them imagine the illustration more vividly. Wigwams point that people who are dissatisfied with their appearance compare themselves to social worked strangers, celebrities, and to photodiode images revived by the media is proven by her effective use of logic.This time she establishes better Ethos or authority to make it much more credible. â€Å"We've always compared ourselves to other people, but what has changed is the way we use images. † She says. She then brings up a famous study, to back her claim up, which looked at teenage girls in Fiji after TV was introduced to them in 1995. The study showed that after three years of the girls watching TV, the most ones who watched it were 50% more likely to describe themselves as â€Å"too fat†; 29% scored highly on a test of eating-disorder risk.Her clear use of statistics and logic causes her audience to believe what she is saying because she has evidence, a scientific study, to go with her thesis. She establishes credibility by proving that the media really does have a massive affect on their body dissatisfaction and the evidence is there to speak for her. I can't agree with her more on this. The medias role here is way too clear. Many of my friends are always out to get that celebrity look and do not feel satisfied because they will never look exactly like that celebrity.I think if this study was done again in 2013 the rates would be much higher. Washman uses Pathos or emotion and Ethos or authority to prove her third point; It is the fashion industry fault for making skinny, bony, unhealthy models seem like the ideal â€Å"perfect body' because their size zero sample sizes force the media to advertise on such bodies. Washman decides to use a personal interview with the editor of Vogue Alexandra Sultan. Washman explains that Sultan herself knows that â€Å"real people†, actors featured in Vogue, don't fit sample size cloths.Her exact words are â€Å"We're sitting i n her bright white office, beside shelves displaying international Vogue covers. She points at them one by one. Washman says. † As she pointed at them one by one washman says that she that she explained that the celebrities in each of the covers were wearing sample sizes that fit them tight, unlike the models. † The way she presents this information is much more detailed and adds vivid images of their conversation. This kind of vivid information presented with such strong imaginary detail is a great example of the way Washman uses detail in proving her third point.She continues to add evidence, but now she uses Ethos. She speaks of sultans efforts to get the fashion industry to roved larger sample sizes because she did not like that their tiny designs were forcing editors to shoot them on models with no â€Å"breasts or hips†. Washman then asks sultan if she has seen any change throughout her efforts. Sultan sees that there is still a bit off blindness and the fas hion industry does not realize that people want to see something different. I completely agree with sultan because I am the same way as well.I am Muslim and often times I prefer shopping at boutiques owned by other Muslims because they provide Muslim and middle eastern fashion and there models wear a hajji Just like I do. Washman also agrees with her by saying â€Å"She's right†, but she doesn't stop there she adds her evidence. She states â€Å"Ben Barry (a PhD student at Cambridge University) surveyed 3,000 women, the vast majority of whom significantly increase purchase intentions when they see a model that reflects their age, size and race†. Here Washman demonstrates complete credibility.She demonstrates respect for sultans viewpoint and thoughts. Backs up both her thoughts and Sultans thoughts with credible evidence and sources, and she cited her source correctly. Her fourth point claiming that Today's diets, which are mutinously advertised by the media in magazin es, TV, and the radio, are the way people are cognitively encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety she combines the use of ethos and logos to show credibility and then uses pathos to get her audience to emotionally feel her thesis. Washman starts out with the use of statistics.She begins by mentioning that rates of depression in women and girls doubled between 2000 and 2010 then she adds that the more women self objectify themselves the more they become depressed. She proposes that this is caused by the medias warm embrace of disordered eating. Then she backs up her thoughts with evidence. â€Å"Garcia reports that Beyond lost 60 pounds of â€Å"baby weight† by eating only lettuce. Cosmopolitan wrote about Kate Middleman's â€Å"Dugan diet†, which begins with seven days of pure protein, and later two â€Å"celebration meals† a week.If women don't look like Beyond or Kate Middleton, their flat stomachs a testament to their stamina then, it seems, the y are not working hard enough. † here she is using Logos by providing deductive reasoning. She uses this by first stating her evidence then proving her thoughts towards it and adding it to her thesis or point. She adds ethos to it by providing her sources correctly in this case her magazine titles while titillating them. This establishes her credibility. She continues to prove her fourth point by interviewing Lauren codger.Washman explains that Codger is, in her words, â€Å"One celebrity whose body is frequently scrutinized (and scorned) by the tabloid media†. Washman meets with Codger as she is weeks into a drastic diet plan. Washman says to her: † Many women feel Judged on their appearance in some way, but what does it feel like to have those verdicts read by 99 million people a month? † Now before I mention Codgers response I want to mention that washman most probably chose that question knowing that Codger is going to have an emotional response.She does this so she can be able to provide Pathos or emotion when she comes to write about her interview to her audience women who somewhat share the same feelings. Washman said that Codger responded by saying â€Å"l can't look at comments. I can't buy the mass any more. I used to love them, but I was happy then. Then my weight became a story, not Just for the show but for the press. Yeah, I'm definitely aware of the online scrutiny. My body becomes my work. † Codgers Response causes people who are dissatisfied with their bodies to feel worse for codger than they feel for themselves after reading this.Codger is one of the victims who find that today's diets are the way they cognitively feel encouraged to eat and are to blame for their anxiety. In sum, Washman's Article is very useful because it demonstrates the media's massive role on the way females, from pre teens to senior citizens, are dissatisfied with their bodies. It offers ways the media is trying to avoid this negative inf luence, the reasons fate the influence, who is to blame, ND what women can possibly do about it, even thou they do not have control over the way the media portrays beauty.Although it provides all these aspects to prove her thesis, I do not consider it one 100% credible because Washman forgets to cite some sources and loses focus when talking about women specifically instead of all people generally as she first stated. I Think both sexes are dissatisfied with their appearance equally from the media's false portrayal of beauty and the ideal body image.

buy custom Visit to a Substance abuse Treatment Program, and Analysis essay

buy custom Visit to a Substance abuse Treatment Program, and Analysis essay Descriptive information For this paper, I chose to visit an intensive outpatient program named Meridian in Shrewsbury, NJ. The agency is located in a well maintained building, right of a main highway, reachable by train, car and bus. This is essential, since many of the clients have their driving license suspended due to driving under the influence (DWI), and are dependent on public transportation. The agency serves clients who are committed to following the rules of the program. The requirements of the program are: 1. attending three AA/NA meetings per week. 2. Providing clean urine-samples when requested by the addiction counselor. 3. Attending all classes. Some clients are mandated to attend the IOP by either court, division of youth and family services (DYFS), Intoxicated Driver Resource Center (IDRC), or by their significant other, while others attend the program on their own consent. As the group is composed of age, gender, and ethnicity diversity, the counselor is often confronted with problematic group-dynamics, and needs to have solid facilitating skills to ensure the group runs smoothly and the recovery process is not compromised. The clients schedule their intake session, where they are interviewed, and a full bio-psychosocial assessment is executed. At ingestion, the client is requires to take a urine test, which, although many times is expected to come back positive, is still central, to evaluate what types of mind altering substances the client is taking, and to show them that the agency is a serious place, where people come to recover and achieve sobriety. At intake, the client is provided with an option to see the psychiatrist, to ensure further mental health issues are properly addressed. Dependent on the clients diagnosis, they are referred to as either level 1 or level 2 care. Level 1 is usually recommended for a diagnosis of mind altering substances abuse; these are clients who are beginning to develop a problem, but are not yet dependent on the substances. Clients, who are diagnosed with dependence, are referred to as level 2. Since level 1 is a prior level of treatment, their group meets only once a week for three hours during a 6 weeks period, while level 2, a more intense program, meets three times per week for three hours. Once a week, the group is focused towards the family of the addict. Clients are encouraged to bring their parent(s), significant other, or anyone else they feel can gain from a heightened awareness and understanding of substance abuse issues. This group is important, since their knowledge and participation, can have a positive impact on the overall recovery process. In general clients are not transferred from level 1 to level 2, unless a particular client indicates to develop a dependency, in which, the counselor might decide to transfer that client to level 2. The counselor monitors group attendance, and randomly administers urine screening to the clients. Depending on each individual client, positive test-results could be a reason to terminate the client. After completing the 16-week program, clients are encouraged to participate in an after-care group which meets once a week for one hour. This group is facilitated by the same counselor as the IOP, and will ensure the client remains in recovery and not become complacent. Furthermore, the client is provided with a meeting-list and is advised to continue attending at least 90 twelve-step meetings in 90 days. When a client is mandated to attend to attend the IOP program, a letter will be provided to confirm successful completion of the agenda. The group follows the Matrix model (Matrix Institute, 2007), which provides the participant with education regarding the dangers of substance abuse, identifying relapse triggers, prevention tools, and follows the twelve-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous. Theoretical approaches Richard A. Rawson et al (2003) describes the bio-psychosocial Matrix model as a technique that merges techniques and materials from the cognitive behavioral therapy, and includes providing the client with accurate information on the effects of stimulants, family education, 12-Step program participation and positive reinforcement to alter old behaviors. Richard A Rawson et al (1995) states, the goals of the Matrix model to be: a) cease drug use b) remain in a treatment process for twelve month c) learn about issues critical to addiction and relapse d) receiving direction and support from a trained therapist e) receive education for family afflicted by the addiction f) become familiar with the self-help programs, and g) receive monitoring via urine testing. The therapist needs to be a well trained counselor who creates a positive and healthy affiliation with the group that re-enforces positive behavior change. Although the counselor is direct and realistic, extreme caution needs to be exercised to steer clear of confrontation with the client. Richard A. Rawson et al (1995) understands one of the chief tasks of the therapist as a person who provides confidence, dignity and self-esteem to the client. This humanistic, client-oriented model is crucial for the addict recuperation, since usually clients come in to be treated, after having reached their rock-bottom, as battered people whose self esteem and dignity has been severely beaten. According to Richard A. Rawson (1995) the urine-screenings, randomly performed, are not as a punitive or legal purpose, but rather to assess where the client is holding in the recovery, and as a point of discussion. Bradford T. Winslow (2007) found that randomly urine tests actually rewards clients, since they feel pleased when they are able to proof their abstinence to the counselor, and motivates them from relapsing during the treatment program. Jeanne L. Obert et al. (2005) has a slight different perceptive what the role of the counselor should be. They stress that the counselor is that of a cheerleader, teacher, coach and counselor. The task of the psychotherapist is more to proffer education regarding the physical and emotional harm that these mind-altering substances impact on the human body and to teach them skills to prevent relapse. It seems to be more focused on the current day tools, vs. focusing on addictive behaviors, and past resentments often causing the client to start using these chemicals and relapse. The purpose of the group setting in the Matrix model is well illustrated by Washton (2002); the participants are aided by support of the group, to move toward involvement in treatment, and willingness to change. Peer support is a fundamental element of the logic behind the group-setting, since sharing each others experiences, gives the individual the courage to attain the same what has been achieved by his or her peer, and learn different tactics in achieving the goal of sobriety. Another motive of the group-setting is the embarrassment participants will experience if they relapse during the program. In 2002, Richard A. Rawson, PhD accentuates the advantages of the matrix model over the existing outpatient programs, that is, the structure the matrix model provides in treating the addict, while the traditional outpatient programs are inadequately structured. He further reinforces the elements of individual psychotherapy which is not always implemented into the matrix model. In the agency which I have visited, the agency does not provide individual therapy despite the fact that they follow the matrix model religiously. Obert et al. (2000) identifies the matrix model as easy to use, research-based materials to front-line clinicians, and their clients. The matrix model is different than other treatment model by the fact that it has been developed in a clinical setting, and has constantly been modified through field-testing. The client gets an easy to read hand-out with various exercises developed in educating the client in a non-confrontational way. A key component of the model is the fact tat the client and the counselor are collaborators in the recovery process, which is achieved by implementing the motivational interviewing approach designed by Miller and Rollnick (2002); this therapeutic alliance encourages the client to put all effort in their recovery process. Obert et al. (2000) sees the goals of the model as: a) Create explicit structure and expectations b) establish a positive collaborative relationship with the client c) teach clients and their families empirical information and cognitive-behavioral concepts d) positive reinforce desired behavioral change e) provide corrective feedback when necessary f) educate the family regarding stimulant abuse recovery g) introduce and encourage self-help participation h) use urinalysis and breath alcohol analysis to monitor drug and alcohol use on a random schedule. Critical analysis of treatment Although research has proven the matrix model to be effective, (Obert et al. 2000), there are many reservations regarding this model. One of the key concerns in opposition to this model is the fact that it is based exclusively upon the cognitive behavioral method, which focuses on modifying current behaviors, but fails to analyze and address underlying issues which play a significant role in causing addiction. Furthermore, manual based therapy compromise the therapeutic relationship with the client, despite it developing a therapeutic bond. Many counselors were skeptical of the matrix model, due to the fact that it treats clients who have not experiences their bottom through severe consequences due to their addiction. Simpson, D et al. (1995) have found that clients treated by the matrix model, are more focused on the curriculum than the therapeutic process. Furthermore, they identified three problems; 1. Manual-based treatments ignore individual clients differences 2. Manual-based treatments cannot meet the need of co-occurring disorders 3. Manual-based treatments ignore clients emotions. Brown (2004) sees the issue with the matrix model in the lack of focus on the socioeconomic, cultural and gender issues such as domestic and sexual abuse. These issues are mostly present since the matrix model treats any client in a group setting where the content of the group is determined by the manual, preventing counselors to pay attention to these other aspects in the clients life. Another important concern to the matrix model is pointed out by Anglin, M.D Rawson (2000); since the matrix model is performed in a group setting, you often have clients in different stages of recovery interacting in the same group. Although this can be an advantage, since this enables them to learn from one-another, however, this can also have a negative impact on the individual; since individuals need individual focus on the part most applicable to their point in recovery. Family members play a significant role in recovery. In one study, Morris et al (1992) concluded that substance abuse is considered a family disease, since it affects marital relationships, family and child functioning. This underlines the importance of properly involving family member(s) in the recovery process. This is echoed by Curtis Janzen (2006), who describes the family members as repeatedly experiencing significant mental and physical strain, as a result of their loved ones addiction. Asher Brissett (1988) state that: the family members of substance abusers are part of a dysfunctional family system, in which they often, unwittingly, contribute to the perpetuation of the substance abuse behavior. The family members behavior is often labeled as enabling or co-dependent. Obert et al. (2000) describe in detail why the matrix model undermines the need of the family member: a) Clients are often uncomfortable bringing their family member to group, because they might have disclosed to the group secret information regarding their private lives, and are afraid that this information will accidentally be disclosed by one of the group members. b) It can take clients as much as three to four weeks to stabilize from the crises they often find themselves in when commencing the IOP. It would therefore not be beneficial to bring their family-member to group, since they are unready to discuss their family issues until they have somewhat stabilized their individual situation. c) Clients can be embarrassed to bring in a family member, due to physical or mental issues their family member may have, and which they feel uncomfortable revealing to the group. d) Family members often need numerous sessions to relieve themselves of their experiences, frustration and anger; this need cannot be met by the existing program. e) The family group is mainly focused on educating the family member with the concept that addiction is a disease rather than a bad behavior, whereas, what the family member(s) really require is additional intense group therapy to deal with the hurt, guilt and shame experienced when there is addiction in the family. They also need to be given tools to address enabling and codependency. Another critique on one of the components of the matrix model is the urine-screening process. Clients who are forced to show abstinence, and are not doing it from their free will, are more likely to relapse as soon as the mandated urine screening procedure is finalized. Furthermore, accuracy of urine-screening is often compromised, by showing a positive result due to consumption of poppy seed, or a negative result caused by flushing the system with specially designed liquid for this purpose. (Dupont Baumgartner 1995). Despite the critique on the matrix method, research does have proven the model to be effective. Richard A. Rawson et al (2003), compared outcomes of traditional treatment models to the newly designed matrix model, and found that the clients who were treated by the matrix model were attending more clinical sessions, stayed in treatment longer, provided more negative urine-samples, and had longer periods of abstinence than those treated by more traditional methods. Moreover the matrix model is user friendly and its structure ensures that time invested in the recovery process is properly utilized. Harm reduction model Harm reduction is an approach rather than a goal, and its aim is to reduce or eliminate the negative consequences of drug use rather than eliminating the drug itself. There is am emphasis on the aim of reducing the adverse consequences among individuals who cannot be expected to ease their drug use at the present time for various reasons (Riley et al., 1999). The underlying philosophy is to approach the client in a non-judgmental way, and help the client develop goals personally. (Bradley-Springer, 1996) The rights of the individual are of prime importance, which includes; dignity, and the right to make personal decisions. Harm reduction includes a holistic incremental and multidimensional approach to decreasing risks for individuals and communities. Although the harm reduction model is contradictory to the traditional abstinence model, it may however ne compatible with the eventual goal of abstinence. The model proposes that social support, health assistance, education and disease p revention measures should be minimized. (Bradley-Springer, 1996) Harm reduction contrasts to the prohibition philosophy, also known as the abstinence model. This model concentrates on increasing interdiction, treatment and prevention efforts, combined with keeping mind altering drugs illegal (DuPont and Voth, 1995) The basic process of harm reduction consists of providing the client with a continuum of options for their considerations, ranging from the riskiest behavior to the lease risky behavior. This has dual-purposes; firstly, it allows the client to assess their current behaviors in comparison to both more and less risky behaviors, which may help the client to see where they need to make changes. It may also help the client assess where their behaviors have improved or degenerated over time, giving them a means of measuring the changes in behavior. Furthermore the continuum provides the client with a range of behaviors so that they can choose for themselves the most suitable changes based on their personal circumstances. The theory oof harm reduction acknowledges that there are various external factors which impact upon an individual and may affect their behaviors in ways which they cannot control, or are difficult for them to control. It is for this reason that one of the underpinning criteria of the harm reduction model is that the individual is allowed to choose their own targets based upon what they feel is achievable under their current circumstances. These environmental factors could be family related, peer related, which would impact on any change the individual tried to make. There could be also a wide array of socioeconomic factors, such as background or occupational history of the client which must be considered. However since the prominence of the harm reduction model is based on changing behaviors, the procedure will assist the individual in identifying areas of their life which are causing a probable conflict of interest. Exploitation of the harm reduction model would as well assist them in forming strategies that enable them to make changes which would facilitate transformation in their behavior. For example if a client were to identify that their behavior is negatively influenced by their work environment, the client may choose to implement strategies which would reduce this influence, or even end it altogether. The emphasis would be on the client to choose these changes, rather than the professional to insist that these changes are deployed. With regards to substance abuse, advocates of using the harm reduction model acknowledge that there are many environmental factors which influence the behavior of a substance abuser. Des Jarlais (1995) claims that the use of non-medical, mind-altering drugs is unavoidable in societies which have access to these drugs. He also states that it is inevitable that drugs will cause harm at both individual and societal levels. Des Jarlais (1995) claims that drug users form an integral part of the larger community and therefore must be included in measures to protect public health. Harm reduction strategies aim to protect substance abusers along with all other members of a community. This is in contrast to prohibition models in which the substance abuser is viewed as an individual describes as a simplistic moral solution to complex human problems (Griffin, 1998). Harm reduction accepts that some harm is inevitable but that the ideal of zero tolerance excludes compromise and sets goals which are not achievable (Riley et al., 1999). The harm reduction model has been applied predominantly to drug misuse issues, however it has successfully been used in many other areas such as; weight loss, tobacco addiction, and alcohol addiction. Many of those who have failed on traditional abstinence programs such as those promoted by Alcoholics Anonymous have made some progress using harm reduction techniques. The techniques have been successful as they set a series of stepping stones which have been decided by the client themselves. This may lead to full abstinence at some time in the future, although that decision is left to the individual themselves and not imposed upon them. (Witkiewitz and Marlatt. 2006). Strength and limitations The major strength of the harm reduction model is that the model can be applied in a non-biased pattern to any selection of the population. The underlying principles are based upon approaching the client in a lenient manner, which should eradicate many of the prejudices which may be associated with other models. For example, some of the groups who are more at risk from substance abuse are those of ethnic minorities and low socio-economic status. Another benefit of the harm reduction model, is that individuals who relapse do not necessary revert all the way back to high risks and unhealthy behaviors. It is imperative that if it happens, that the client is shown that their failure is not absolute, as this will offer encouragement for the client to set new goals and begin the process all over. The main limitation to the model is that in order for the nonjudgmental principles of the approach to be achieved it is necessary for health professional to remove any personal stigma or prejudice. There is no room in the harm reduction model for personal opinions of the health care or social care professional to allow their personal feelings to become involved in the decisions made regarding treatment. This can be a challenging at times especially for those professionals who have worked in the field with other models. Harm reduction theories were first applied to substance abuse in the 1920s when a group of doctors concluded that it may be necessary occasionally to maintain a person on drugs in order to help them lead a more productive life (Griffin, 1998). Critics of harm reduction reject it as being overly permissive in its rejection of strict zero-tolerance policies and its promotion of alternatives to abstinence. Some have labeled it a front for drug legalization. Des Jarlais (1995) Harm reduction programs are often insufficiently coordinated with each other, often overlapping and underfunded. This can lead to a competitive nature between the different harm reduction programs rather than the cooperation which is needed to increase their success (Hilton et al., 2001) One key example of the application of harm reduction to substance abuse is the creation of needle and syringe exchange programs (NSPs) which can prevent HIV/AIDS infections from spreading by providing users with new, sterile syringes in exchange for used syringes, which reduces transmission through needle sharing. NSPs also provide an opportunity to pass out educational materials and facilitate engagement in formal addiction treatment and other social services. Many studies have found that NSPs are effective in reducing injection related risk behaviors as well as reducing incidence of HIV and other blood-borne diseases such as Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C (Hilton et al., 2001; Blumenthal et al., 1998) Many countries and organizations have now adopted harm reduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) endorses harm reduction as a strategy to prevent the spread of HIV as it they considered drug use to be less of a threat to individuals and communities than drug use itself (Riley, 1998) Despite current legislation in many countries which prevents the full adoption of the model as the framework for drug misuse treatment, there are still ways in which the principles can be promoted through treatment. The successful reduction of harm is in the interest of all, and harm reduction promises to be a method which is likely to succeed in its objectives by reducing harm to both drug users and those in the wider community. My Conclusion Although we have described the pros and cons both in the matrix model as well as to the harm reduction model, I would individually have a preference to the matrix model, though in some exceptional cases, I would have selected the harm reduction model. When the addict is in his advanced stages of addiction, and repercussions have been dramatic, I would definitely encourage the implementation and realization of the matrix model, in view of the fact that it seems that in such a condition, the patient will not be able to cut the use, thus total abstinence is apposite. When a client is in the beginning stages of substance use, and did not experience severe consequences, it might be advisable to treat that client with the harm reduction model. I would also carefully review the individuals circumstances, in order to assess if self-denial would hinder the clients daily performances, hence going by the harm reduction model. In this paper, I have gained knowledge of the significance of aptly applying the correct model to the client, to ensure their successful recovery. What is also of importance is what seems to be applicable to both models, that is, the concept of motivational interviewing. It is critical to have the client explore their ambivalence, and reach out their own conclusion to seek sobriety. Recovery which is spring out from a persons own desire is more valuable and more sustainable. We, as social workers, have to be extremely vigilant in treating the client, with a vision, that our interaction can bring about transformation to the clients existence. Buy custom Visit to a Substance abuse Treatment Program, and Analysis essay